| John
Neihardt: Black Elk Speaks. The Life Story of a Holy Man of
the Oglala Sioux as Told to John G. Neihardt London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1972. 280 Seiten – |
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| Aufgrund von
Interviews, die John Neihardt 1931 mit Nicholas Black Elk und anderen
Oglala Sioux führte erschien 1932 Black Elk Speaks.
Neihardt nimmt die orale Tradition der Indianer auf und schreibt die
Autobiografie des Oglalas in westlicher Tradition. Nicholas Black Elk (1863-1950) gehörte zum Stamm der Lakota und entwickelt schon mit fünf Jahren visionäre Fähigkeiten ("The Great Vision", S. 20-47). Seine Kindheit ist noch unbeschwert. Black Elk geht mit seinem Vater zur Jagd, mit Gleichaltrigen zum Fischen und Schlitten fahren. Doch schon bald stören und zerstören die weißen Eindringlinge das naturnahe Leben der Indianer. Der Fund von Gold in den Black Hills beschleunigt die Verdrängung. Die Verhandlungen und Absprachen zwischen Weißen und Indianer sind wenig wert. "They talked and talked for days, but it was just like wind blowing in the end" (S. 81). Die erzählte Biografie endet im Sieg am Little Bighorn und in der Tragödie am Wounded Knee. Neben dem biografischen, geschichtlichen und ethnografischen Charakter vermittelt Black Elk Speaks vor allem die spirituelle Welt der Indiander: ihre legendäre Einigkeit mit der Natur und Mutter Erde ("But only crazy or very foolish men would sell their Mother Earth", S. 139; "... nothing can live well except in a manner suited to the way the Power of the World lives and moves to do its work", S. 216), ihren religiösen Glauben und die Wunderheilungen. Mich überraschte die Übereinstimmung des Die mystische Naturverbundenheit der Indianer beschreibt Black Elk gleich zu Beginn.
Authentizität Black Elk und die anderen Stammesmitglieder erzählten ihre Geschichten in Lakato. Der Sohn Ben Black Elk übersetzte für Neihardt, Neihardts Tochter Enid schrieb mit. John Neihardt schließlich formte daraus den Text. Im Großen zeigt ein Vergleich des Endprodukts mit den Notizen Enids, daß John Neihardt gewissenhaft auswählte und formulierte. Er änderte aber da, wo er die romantische Vorstellung des eingeborenen Indianers nähren wollte. Er ließ einiges weg, zum Beispiel, daß Black Elk schon vor seiner Europareise, also irgendwann in den 1880-ern katholisch wurde. Ein überaus lesenswertes Buch, für jeden, der die Lage in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts mal aus der Sicht der Betroffenen lesen will. |
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| Traum
von Crazy Horse Crazy Horse, um 1842 am Rapid Creek (South Dakota) – 5.9.1877 Fort Robinson, Nebraska (indianisch Tashunka Witko), Häuptling der Oglala-Indianer; einer der Führer des Freiheitskampfes der Dakota in den 1870er-Jahren. "Crazy Horse dreamed and went into the world where there is nothing but the spirits of all things. That is the real world that is behind this one, and everything we see here is something like a shadow from that world. He was on his horse in that world, and the horse and himself on it and the trees and the grass and the stones and everything were made of spirit, and nothing was hard, and everything seemed to float. His horse was standing still there, and yet it danced around like a horse made only of shadow, and that is how he got his name, which does not mean that his horse was crazy or wild, but that in his vision it danced around in that queer way. It was this vision that gave him his great power, for when he went into a fight, he had only to think of that world to be in it again, so that he could go through anything and not be hurt." (S.85-86) – |
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| Der
Kreis in der Vorstellungswelt der Indianer "... I came to live here where I am now between Wounded Knee Creek and Grass Creek. Others came too, and we made these little gray houses of logs that you see, and they are square. It is a bad way to live, for there can be no power in a square. You have noticed that everything an Indian does is in a circle, and that is because the Power of the World always works in circles, and everything tries to be round. In the old days when we were a strong and happy people, all our power came to us from the sacred hoop of the nation, and so long as the hoop was unbroken, the people flourished. The flowering tree was the living center of the hoop, and the circle of the four quarters nourished it. The east gave peace and light, the south gave warmth, the west gave rain, and the north with its cold and mighty wind gave strength and endurance. This knowledge came to us from the outer world with our religion. Everything the Power of the World does is done in a circle. The sky is round, and I have heard that the earth is round like a ball, and so are all the stars. The wind, in its greatest power, whirls. Birds make their nests in circles, for theirs is the same religion as ours. The sun comes forth and goes down again in a circle. The moon does the same, and both are round. Even the seasons form a great circle in their chang ing, and always come back again to where they were. The life of a man is a circle from childhood to childhood, and so it is in everything where power moves. Our tepees were round like the nests of birds, and these were always set in a circle, the nation's hoop, a nest of many nests, where the Great Spirit meant for us to hatch our children. But the Wasichus [die Weißen] have put us in these square boxes. Our power is gone and we are dying, for the power is not in us any more." (S. 198-200) |
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| John
Gneisenau Neihardt 8.1.1881 nahe Sharpsburg, Illinois – 3.11.1973 Columbia, Montana. 1907 The Lonesome Trail, Kurzgeschichten über Pioniere und die Omaha Indianer ab 1912 schreibt Neihardt an den fünf epischen Gedichten "A Cycle of The West", sie werden 1949 veröffentlicht 1931 Interviews mit dem Oglala Sioux Nicholas Black Elk, die zu Black Elk Speaks 1932 führen |
| Links Online Texte |
| Hochbruck, Wolfgang (1990) "»Black Elke speaks«:
Ansprüche und Grenzen bei der Verwendung indianischen mündlichen
Wissens in literarischen Texten". In: Paul Goetsch, Hg.: Mündliches Wissen in neuzeitlicher Literatur. Tübingen: Narr, 1990, S. 185–201; |